The Reasons Why Children Get Sick in The Initial Days of Preschool and Methods for Addressing It

1. Why are children prone to illness when they first start preschool?

*Outdoor Activities at HEI Schools Saigon Central*

1.1 Immature Immune System

According to research from the Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (2021), young children aged 0-6 are still in the developmental stage of their immune systems. Before starting school, most children primarily interact within the family environment, where the number of bacteria and viruses is limited. Upon entering preschool, children face a range of new pathogens that their immune systems have never encountered, significantly increasing the risk of illness.

With educational methods from Finland, many preschools implement outdoor activities and scientific nutrition to help children boost their immunity. For example, some educational models like HEI Schools Saigon Central focus on creating a natural learning environment, encouraging children to participate in physical activities and maintain healthy eating habits, contributing to reducing the risk of illness.

1.2 Exposure to Many Other Children

A study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2022) indicates that when children learn in an environment with many other children, the number of exposures to pathogens also increases. Viruses and bacteria easily spread through toys, tables, chairs, personal items, and especially through direct contact such as coughing, sneezing, or touching hands.

Learning environments with open designs, ample green spaces, and good air circulation help limit the accumulation of bacteria. This is particularly important in reducing the risk of disease transmission in preschool classrooms.

1.3 Changes in Circadian Rhythm and Psychological Pressure

Another important factor is the change in environment, daily routines, and children's psychology. Research from the University of Helsinki (2020) indicates that stress from being separated from parents, changes in sleep schedules, and irregular eating can weaken the immune system, making children more susceptible to infections.

Creating a friendly and welcoming environment helps children gradually adjust to this change. Some preschools implement a gradual introduction method, giving children time to adapt to the new environment without feeling excessive pressure, thereby limiting negative impacts on their health.

1.4 Weather and Classroom Environment

In Vietnam, the hot and humid climate is an ideal condition for viruses and bacteria to thrive. Additionally, many preschools use air conditioning continuously or have closed classroom spaces, leading to poor air circulation, which increases the likelihood of disease transmission.

Schools with designs that utilize natural light, good ventilation, and incorporate outdoor spaces often help children reduce the risk of respiratory diseases.

2. Common Illnesses in Children Starting Preschool

2.1 Flu and Viral Fever

According to statistics from the National Children's Hospital (2023), over 70% of children starting preschool experience at least one episode of flu or viral fever in the first three months. Children, especially those new to school, have immature immune systems and are easily infected when exposed to other children in a group setting. Symptoms include: fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, headache, and body aches.

Viral fever usually resolves on its own within a few days, but the flu can cause complications if not properly cared for.

2.2 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

This is a common illness in children under 5 years old, caused by Coxsackie virus and Enterovirus 71. It spreads through contact with saliva, nasal secretions, or feces of an infected person. Characteristic symptoms include fluid-filled blisters appearing on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, in the mouth, and sometimes on the buttocks. The disease can cause fever, sore throat, and loss of appetite.

Special attention is needed as some cases can lead to dangerous neurological complications.

2.3 Diarrhea and Digestive Disorders

Young children often have sensitive digestive systems, easily disrupted by changes in diet or exposure to unsanitary food and water sources. Pathogens include viruses (Rotavirus), bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella), and parasites. Symptoms include frequent loose stools, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration.

Prompt rehydration and electrolyte replacement are necessary to prevent severe dehydration.

2.4 Pharyngitis and Bronchitis

Research from Harvard Medical School (2021) indicates that 60% of children starting school are at risk of developing pharyngitis or bronchitis in their first year due to exposure to viruses and air conditioning.

Building a balanced nutritional diet, increasing nutrient-rich foods, and incorporating diverse physical activities are crucial solutions to help children develop natural resistance.

3. Ways to Manage and Prevent Illnesses When Children Start School

3.1 Boosting Children's Immune System

Foods rich in vitamins C, D, and zinc (citrus fruits, salmon, eggs, yogurt) help the immune system function more effectively.

Adequate sleep and physical activity: Educational programs that emphasize healthy lifestyle habits help children balance between learning and exercise.

3.2 Teaching Children Personal Hygiene Habits

Frequent Handwashing: Teach children how to wash their hands properly with soap and clean water, especially before eating and after using the bathroom.

Covering Mouth When Coughing or Sneezing: Instruct children to use a tissue or their elbow to cover their mouth when coughing or sneezing to prevent the spread of germs.

Avoiding Sharing Personal Items: Avoid sharing personal items such as face towels, cups, and utensils with others.

3.3 Preparing Children Psychologically

Communication and Gradual Acclimation: Help children adapt to the classroom in small steps to avoid psychological pressure. Create a cheerful and relaxed atmosphere when talking about school.

Gradual Familiarization with the New Environment: Allow children to gradually become familiar with the new environment, possibly by letting them play at school before officially enrolling.

Active Listening and Addressing Concerns: Always listen and answer children's questions.

Creating a Sense of Security: Make children feel safe when going to school.

3.4 Maintaining a Safe Learning Environment

Regular Classroom Ventilation: Ensure fresh and airy air circulation.

Periodic Cleaning of Toys and Furniture: Eliminate germs on contact surfaces.

Isolating Sick Children: Keep sick children home to prevent the spreading illness to other children.

4. When Should Children See a Doctor?

Some signs that a child needs immediate medical attention: High fever above 39°C (102.2°F), lasting more than 3 days. Difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, wheezing. Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days, with signs of dehydration (dry lips, sunken eyes, reduced urination). Persistent vomiting, inability to eat or drink. Seizures. Widespread rash, red spots. Lethargy, unresponsiveness, difficulty waking up.

Any other unusual symptoms that cause parental concern.

5. Conclusion

Children will inevitably get sick when they first start school as part of their immune system development. However, with careful preparation from the family and a suitable learning environment, children can adapt naturally and safely. Learning spaces that emphasize natural light, good ventilation, combined with a balanced diet and appropriate physical activity, will help children develop comprehensively, creating a solid foundation for their future learning journey.